Sunday, December 22, 2019

Analysis of Ronald Reagans Sppech, The Challenger Disaster

While seated in the Oval Office of the White house, January 28, 1986 President Ronald Reagan delivers his speech The Challenger Disaster; hours after the space shuttle The Challenger explodes while in take off. Thousands witnessed this horrifying event live in person and on television. This mission was very unique allowing the first civilian to ever be allowed in space during a mission. She was aboard The Challenger as an observer in the NASA Teacher in Space Program. Ironically, nineteen years before this disaster, three astronauts were tragically lost in an accident on the ground. President Reagan remembers those astronauts that were lost not only the day of the disaster, but also those who were lost nineteen years before. He conducts†¦show more content†¦This speech has meaning, excites emotions and reaches out to all, which makes it a great speech. Although Reagan chooses to ignore his administrations responsibility in The Challenger disaster, he concentrates instead on reassurance of the nation which makes this speech uplifting to the American people. Invention To do a rhetorical analysis of this speech we would follow the Neo-Aristotelian approach. The Neo-Aristotelian approach consists of five canons which are invention, organization, style, memory and delivery. First I will start off with Invention. According to Foss the critics concern in applying the canon of invention is with the speakers major ideas, line of argument, or content (29). Invention is divided into two categories: external proofs and internal proofs. External proofs include sources used by the author but does not create, including testimony of eyewitnesses (Foss 29). I will focus on the internal proofs of this speech, which are logos or logical argument; ethos, the appeal of the speakers character and pathos, emotional appeal. In the speech of The Challenger Disaster Reagan does not necessarily present an argument, but rather a speech to console and find meaning. He starts the speech by recognizing the terrible accident that happened nineteen years ago and relates it to T he Challenger disaster. The events are factual and therefore are logical to be included in the opening of this speech. To begin the

Saturday, December 14, 2019

After the Sirens Free Essays

As soon as the radio is switched on it is described as screaming and it startles the man. He also recognized the radio announcer’s voice but it this was the first time his voice did not sound upbeat and happy as it usually was during his morning show. The author also describes his voice as â€Å"Cracking with hysteria† (Hood, pg. We will write a custom essay sample on After the Sirens or any similar topic only for you Order Now 161) which clearly sets the mood in the story. The way his voice is described stresses the role that the announcer plays in this story. The radio announcer uses repetition right from the beginning of the story and creates suspense, when he repeats â€Å"This not an exercise†(Hood, pg. 160) three times. He also repeats â€Å"This is an air raid warning†(Hood, pg. 160) twice right after the radio is turned on. He continues with the count down right until ten seconds before the bomb hit. The radio announcer sets this man into action to save himself and his family. The man responds immediately by telling his wife not to ask questions and to dress her self and the baby in many layers of heavy clothing. While she is doing that he gathers up food, water, canned goods and two can openers. The radio announcer also helps the man to decide where they should take cover in the house because he reported the target and the man knew where the blast would be coming from. The radio announcer helped them survive. I was captured immediately by his voice and was taken on a journey of anticipation and suspense. How to cite After the Sirens, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Occupational Therapy Essay Example For Students

Occupational Therapy Essay We are a group of occupational therapists and a new client has come to our office with the following case history:Don is a 63 year-old amateur poet. He has several of his poems published in the local newspaper but has not yet been accepted by any literary journals. Three months ago, Don had a cerebellar cerebrovascular accident that has given him significant fine motor control limitations. He is not able to hold a pencil or a pen, and when one is taped in his hand, he can not produce recognizable printing. He is able to reach a range of nearly 5 feet from side to side but cannot pick up a 1-inch cube from the table. When asked to use a keyboard, he is as likely to strike two keys away from the target as the key he is aiming for. He is able to put his finger reliably into a square that is 2 inches on a side wherever it is located within his reach. He is not able to accurately place his finger into a square that is 1.5 inches on a side, however, unless it is located directly in front o f him (Anson, 1997, p. 104). Don is frustrated by his condition and needs some assistance to continue his writing. We used the decision tree to evaluate which computer adaptation would be best for Don. We determined that Don has physical limitations to the computer but has full range of the keyboard. Due to his trouble targeting specific keys, it would be increasingly difficult to simultaneously press more than one key at once. The client has frequent accidental keystrokes because of the size of the small keys. His inability to strike a single key on demand led us to expanded range of motion. Having assessed that Don could strike larger keys accurately; we reached the alternative of expanded keyboards. Upon researching expanded keyboards, we found a great variety in what each keyboard offered. The 32 key layout with 2.5- inch keys did not provide an adequate selection for Don’s writing needs. Most of the standard expanded keyboards with 128 keys only have 1.5-inch keys. Some examples are Key Largo and Uni corn Expanded keyboards. Key Largo is an expanded keyboard, which works through Discover KENX. It is useful for one with coordination problems. Unicorn Expanded keyboard established the standard 128 key expanded keyboard design. We had the opportunity (in A.T. lab) to try and compare the different expanded keyboards. We appreciated that a client with difficulty reaching small keys would find these keyboards more beneficial. All keyboards require an encoder, which interprets the key. When pressed it converts it to a keyboard code, that the computer could understand. Some computers come with a built in encoder and some without. These keyboards with encoders can be connected directly to the keyboard port of the computer. Therefore no internal adaptation is needed for the computer and it doesn’t interfere with any software in the computer. This is beneficial because it can be used with any operating system and software the client may need. A disadvantage to this is that the keyboard codes are not readily adaptable. This means that the keyboard layout is fixed and can’t be changed by the clinician. Another consideration is that this keyboard can not be connected simultaneously with the standard keyboard. Since plugging and unplugging the keyboard is not recommended, this option is better suited for a client who would be the sole user of the computer. Expanded keyboards that do not have the buil t in encoder, require an external device that would interpret the codes to the computer. Although this keyboard has the disadvantage of an external device, it offers flexibility in the keyboard layout and allows for various overlays that change the layout. An example of the latter is the Key Largo keyboard mentioned above. The problem with 1.5-inch keys is the client’s inability to accurately reach a key of that size unless the keyboard is positioned right in front of him. An option would be to position the client in front of the computer with the keyboard mounted close enough for him to access. Although this alternative was a possibility we preferred to find a keyboard with 2- inch keys. After researching this alternative on the internet, we found a product that matched Don’s needs more efficiently. The name of the product is Expanded Keyboard for Apple II+ and IIE. This keyboard operates as a standard keyboard with the choice of 1.5 or 2-inch keys. With continued res earch, this was the only product with a two-inch key option. This is a perfect size key for Don’s needs. This keyboard can be connected at the same time as a standard keyboard. This would allow other family members to use the computer without having to constantly connect and disconnect his keyboard. Sticky key option is included in this keyboard. The flat surface of the keyboard will allow the use of overlays. In addition this keyboard allows all the same functions as a standard keyboard. This is an important fact considering Don’s interest in writing. The dimensions of the keyboard are 14 by 32 by 1, with the weight of six pounds. The pricing range is listed as 750 to 875 dollars. The manufacturer for this product is EKEG Electronics Co Ltd. An additional way to address Don’s problem of accidentally striking untargeted keys is the option of delayed acceptance. With delayed acceptance the key must be pressed for a certain amount of time before it produces any ou tput. This prevents haphazard striking from having an effect, and error can be avoided. You can modify the amount of time delay. We would suggest starting at a minimal level of delay until the optimal level of performance is achieved. A possible disadvantage to delayed acceptance, is that it delays the reaction time of each key pressed thereby slowing down the typing speed. Typing speed is a significant factor to consider with Don, since his purpose for therapy was to increase his typing abilities. However, if the disruption of constantly correcting mistakes due to accidental keystrokes is great, the overall typing speed may increase by preventing errors before they occur. This may be the case with Don and therefore we would recommend this option. Furthermore, most delayed acceptance adaptations are software; making it inexpensive, easily operated and deactivated. Delayed acceptance, under the name â€Å"slow keys†, comes included in Macintosh and Windows 95. .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480 , .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480 .postImageUrl , .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480 , .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480:hover , .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480:visited , .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480:active { border:0!important; } .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480:active , .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480 .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud5e34d4885d5a8a23b25eb0643270480:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet – Comment On Humanity Analysis EssaySticky keys is another option which addresses the problem of simultaneously pressing two keys. For example pressing shift, releasing it and then pressing another key would have the same effect as pressing both keys together. Another technology we considered is word prediction. As the client begins typing, with each letter the word predictor presents a list of words that start with the letters he has typed. When the client spots his intended word, he clicks on it and it will appear on his document. With each new letter the client types, new words are displayed until the word appears on the list or is completed by the client. While the purpose of word prediction is to increase typing speed, it usually does the opposite. In addition many clients find it irritating to constantly have to glance at the prediction list and look away from where their attention is focused. For these very reasons we would not suggest this adaptation for our client. Unless he fatigues, in which case this option may increase productivity. Abbreviation expansion is an assistive technology device, which aids in increasing typing speed. It allows the user to assign an abbreviation to a longer phrase. When the user types the abbreviation, the phrase appears on the screen. One can create their own abbreviations, based on frequent words or phrases that they use. This would be very useful for Don. He could customize the abbreviations according to his writing style. Abbreviations are only recognized when spaced by themselves, and not when they are found in the middle of a word. In order to benefit from this, the user must have cognitive capabilities, as is the case with Don. Another option considered for Don is Morse code. Morse code uses a combination of dots and dashes as a code for alphabet and punctuation. Simply using one switch or two switches, the user is able to fully communicate with minimal motor function. A purpose for using two switches rather than one is to separate the two signals in case the client has trouble releasing the switch at the appropriate time. (To separate dots and dashes). Using large jellybean switches will make it easier for Don to press. The cost of Morse code ranges up to 800 dollars (DADA Entry). One advantage of morse code is speed. For a person with motor difficulties this system provides an optimal speed. Another advantage is that the Morse code can become automatic with increased usage. A disadvantage to Morse code is that it has to be learned and the user has to be trained. Someone with learning problems may have difficulty. Being that our client has motor problems and not lear ning, this will not be a problem. The speed of typing is essential for his occupation and training may be a worthwhile investment. In conclusion, After comparing and considering our two options of expanded keyboard versus Morse code, we concluded that an expanded keyboard would be the best access method for Don. Since the expanded keyboard (Apple II+ and IIE) addresses Don’s limitations we did not find it necessary to go through the required training for Morse code. However if expanded keyboard did not work, Morse code could be used. We searched many websites and journals for a published reference on expanded keyboards, but to no avail. We did, however, find an article on Morse code and its prevalence in assistive technology today. Health Care and Beauty Essays

Thursday, November 28, 2019

The Social Labor Movement as an Important Political Force

1. Solidarity was established by Lech Walesa as a trade union which later was developed into an independent labor movement. The main task of Solidarity was to preserve the rights of the working class in Poland. In spite of the fact Solidarity based on the principles of the social good for workers and equality, its activity was opposite to the Communist system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Labor Movement as an Important Political Force specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The social labor movement became an important political force which aim was to restrict the Communist system which limited the people’s rights. The leaders of the movement could effectively confront the Communist system because they proposed the realization of the public’s democratic rights with references to the interests of workers and ordinary people. Thus, Solidarity’s main means to confront the Communist system were the strikes against the Communist programs, alternative solutions to the problems of workers, the opportunity to realize the right of free speech and free thought (Perry, Peden, Von Laue, 2006). 2. When Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985 the country experienced a lot of challenges connected with the problems of corruption. The traditional Communist’s vision of the problem and the Communist system did not provide the effective solutions to the issues. That is why it was necessary to implement the definite reforms in the country. Gorbachev made accents on the reforms which had a lot of similarities with the principles on which the Capitalistic societies based. Three main elements of the reform policy were ‘perestroika’ or the rebuilding of the current system, ‘glasnost’ or the openness for the public of the government’s activity, and ‘democratizatsiya’ as the presentation of more democratic rights and freedoms for the public and the changes in the policy and economy. Thus, Gorbachev tried to realize rather democratic principles on the platform of the Communist society in order to overcome the problems in the country’s policy and economy (Spielvogel, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 3. Modern Western civilization develops according to the principles of globalization. Nevertheless, to understand the peculiarities of this development, it is necessary to pay attention to the elements of the notion of ‘globalization’. Today people are inclined to define the process of globalization as based on the principles of democracy, free markets, and cooperation. In this case, Fareed Zakharia discusses democracy as the key aspect of globalization, but it also has its ‘dark sides’ which are in different ways to realize the democratic approach. The effective democracy is the liberal democracy dependent on the balance and a slow development associated with capitalism. Amy Chua also connects globalization with the peculiarities of democracy, but she determines such problems of democracy as the ethnic hatred and the disbalance in the economy of minorities (McKay, Hill, Buckler, 2008). In spite of the fact Fareed Zakharia and Amy Chua predominantly focus on the discussion of the negative effects of globalization, this process is multidimensional and has many advantages, such as the development of free markets and free trade, the effective usage of the natural resources, the restriction of the cultural barriers, the development of the global labor market, and the spread of the democratic principles within societies. The future of Western civilization depends on the preservation of the balance between all these elements and on preventing the spread of militant ideas which can cause the conflicts. Thus, according to Mary Habeck, militant ide as which are typical for Islam make the followers of such religious movements and ideologies as jihadist ideology rebel against the democratic principles of Western civilization (Habeck, 2006). That is why to preserve the democracy in society means to contribute to the effective globalization without religious and ethnic conflicts. References Habeck, M. (2006). Knowing the enemy: Jihadist ideology and the war on terror. USA: Yale University Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Labor Movement as an Important Political Force specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More McKay, J. P., Hill, B. D., Buckler, J (2008). A history of Western society since 1300. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Perry, M, Peden, J. R., Von Laue, H. T. (2006). Sources of the Western tradition: Volume II: From the Renaissance to the present. USA: Wadsworth Publishing. Spielvogel, J. J. (2008). Western Civilization: Since 1500. USA: Cenga ge Learning. This essay on The Social Labor Movement as an Important Political Force was written and submitted by user Quinn I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

The History of Latin America in the Colonial Era

The History of Latin America in the Colonial Era Latin America has seen wars, dictators, famines, economic booms, foreign interventions, and a whole assortment of varied calamities over the years. Each and every period of its history is crucial in some way to understanding the present-day character of the land. Even so, the Colonial Period (1492-1810) stands out as being the era that did the most to shape what Latin America is today. There are six things you need to know about the Colonial Era. The Native Population Was Wiped Out Some estimate that the population of Mexico’s central valleys was around 19 million before the arrival of the Spanish. It had dropped to two million by 1550. That’s just around Mexico City. Native populations on Cuba and Hispaniola were all but wiped out, and every native population in the New World suffered some loss. Although the bloody conquest took its toll, the main culprits were diseases like smallpox. The natives had no natural defenses against these new diseases, which killed them far more efficiently than the conquistadors ever could. Native Culture Was Forbidden Under Spanish rule, native religion and culture were severely repressed. Whole libraries of native codices (they’re different than our books in some ways, but essentially similar in look and purpose) were burned by zealous priests who thought that they were the work of the Devil. Only a handful of these treasures remain. Their ancient culture is something that many native Latin American groups are currently trying to regain as the region struggles to find its identity. The Spanish System Promoted Exploitation Conquistadores and officials were granted encomiendas, which basically gave them certain tracts of land and everyone on it. In theory, the encomenderos were supposed to look after and protect the people that were in their care, but in reality, it was often nothing more than legalized slavery. Although the system did allow for natives to report abuses, the courts functioned exclusively in Spanish, which essentially excluded most of the native population, at least until very late in the Colonial Era. Existing Power Structures Were Replaced Before the arrival of the Spanish, Latin American cultures had existing power structures, mostly based on castes and nobility. These were shattered as the newcomers killed off the most powerful leaders and stripped the lesser nobility and priests of rank and wealth. The lone exception was Peru, where some Inca nobility managed to hold onto wealth and influence for a time, but as the years went on, even their privileges were eroded into nothing. The loss of the upper classes contributed directly to the marginalization of native populations as a whole. Native History Was Rewritten Because the Spanish did not recognize native codices and other forms of record-keeping as legitimate, the history of the region was considered open for research and interpretation. What we know about pre-Columbian civilization comes to us in a jumbled mess of contradictions and riddles. Some writers seized the opportunity to paint earlier native leaders and cultures as bloody and tyrannical. This, in turn, allowed them to describe the Spanish conquest as a liberation of sorts. With their history compromised, it is difficult for today’s Latin Americans to get a grasp on their past. Colonists Were There to Exploit, Not Develop The Spanish (and Portuguese) colonists who arrived in the wake of the conquistadores wanted to follow in their footsteps. They did not come to build, farm, or ranch. In fact, farming was considered a very lowly profession among the colonists. These men therefore harshly exploited native labor, often without thinking about the long-term. This attitude severely stunted the economic and cultural growth of the region. Traces of this attitude are still found in Latin America, such as the Brazilian celebration of malandragem, a way of life of petty crime and swindling. Analysis Just as psychiatrists study the childhood of their patients in order to understand the adult, a look at the â€Å"infancy† of modern Latin America is necessary to truly comprehend the region today. The destruction of whole cultures - in every sense - left the majority of the population lost and struggling to find their identities, a struggle which continues to this day. The power structures put in place by the Spanish and Portuguese still exist. Witness the fact that Peru, a nation with a large indigenous population, finally elected the first native president in its long history. This marginalization of native people and culture is ending, and as it does many in the region are trying to find their roots. This fascinating movement bears watching in the years to come.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Operation of ACAP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Operation of ACAP - Essay Example One of the key intentions of the company is to remain consistent in what they are doing. The company started its operation 40 years back with the aim of offering different type of connections and services to the economically weaker section of the society and uplift their position. Strengthening the economical condition of the individuals and their families is one of the key requirements of the firm. The organization offers a range of social services to the community. The services are generally provided to the people through their offices in Cohoes and Albany. Furthermore, the organization also offers its services from the early childhood development classrooms. The mission of the company is to work in partnership with the communities and families so as to empower people and achieve financial stability and lead a quality life. As the establishment continues to spread its wings in different places on earth, it also continues to diversify and expand the services of the firm. Despite num erous changes the establishment has remained consistent in its mission and vision statement. This makes ACAP an exceptionally safe and accessible place for the individuals to find a better way of life and a jubilant place for the employees where they can excel. Some of the key services provided by the establishment are as follows: - ACAP provides comprehensive and centralized support services to the local people who are in need of it. ACAP brings together all community support systems that include nonprofit, governmental and corporate sector so as to offer benefits to each of its customers independently. ACAP constantly reports a computable impact on poverty in the neighboring communities. The establishment involves the community as well as the customers for the overall development of the society. ACAP also provides employment opportunities to a number of people and along with that it offers competitive wage and comprehensive benefits. Most importantly, it also offers career growth opportunities to the employees (â€Å"About Us†). Services Offered by the Firm The organization is best known for providing a wide range of services to the individuals and communities. Apart from directly offering services, it also initiates a number of other programs so as to create awareness among the target population. Some of the evident ones are child care services, early childhood education services, food pantry services, community action services, career services, housing and energy services and tax assistance services. However, this essay will only focus on the early childhood education services. Albany Community Action Partnership (ACAP) offers a number of options for the early child education in and around the Albany County. Each of the early childhood programs that are operated by ACAP maintains a strict adherence to the licensing regulations. This is instituted by NYS Department of Education and NYS Office of Children and Family Services. Furthermore, these progra ms not only meet the guidelines of the federal government, but often reach beyond the requirement of law so as to ensure comprehensive care and quality of the Albany County children and families. Some of the services offered by the company in the context of Early Childhood Education also include to and fro transportation to the education centers. The current locations through which the organization operates are Berne-Knox-Westerlo, Cohoes, Albany

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Leadership - Term Paper Example Leadership Leadership can be defined as a process whereby one or more persons influence a group of followers to accomplish a specific goal the way he/she wants it to be done. A leader directs his/her efforts towards the followers who are to try and achieve the common goals together. Leadership might include one or a group of leaders who affect the steps that the followers will follow (Northouse, 2013). Leadership involves taking ethical responsibilities to ensure that there is a good communication linkage and to satisfy the needs of the followers for easy achievement of their goals. A leader should induce others, must be the center of the group and have power to effect change in the followers. Leadership is also viewed in terms of the power that the leaders have towards their followers and it is this power that the leaders utilize to effect change in their followers (Giuliani & Kurson, 2002). In this context, power can be said to be the capability or the potential to influence others in regard to their belief, attitude, culture and even course of action (Northouse, 2013). ... There are different bases from which leaders derive their power which are referent, expert, legitimate, reward and coercive, all which increase the leaders potential to influence the attitudes, values, beliefs and behavior of others. Referent power is power that is got from the followers liking and identification of the leader while expert power is power that is derived from the knowledge and the competence that a leader has in a certain sector. Legitimate power is the power that is derived from having status or formal job authority in an organization while reward power is that which is derived from the capacity of rewarding others who in turn recognize the person as a leader. On the other hand, Coercive power is the power that is derived from the ability to penalize or punish others in an organizational set up. (Northouse, 2013). In an organization, there are two main bases of power which are position and personal power. Position power is derived from position or rank while personal power is the power that an individual gains from recognition and liking by others. Management On the other hand, Management is the act of organizing and coordinating all the activities to achieve the desired goal and it involves planning, organizing and controlling the organization (Northouse, 2013). A manager has the power and responsibility to make a decision and also the responsibility of organizing the staffs to nurture skills develop their skills as well as to maximize efficiency in performing their duties. Management focuses on defining the purpose, seeks order and stability on the objectives in an organizational set up. Management can also be said to be a unidirectional process geared towards coordination of managers and subordinates to join efforts towards achievement of

Monday, November 18, 2019

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Personal Statement - Essay Example My resolve to pursue a course in Business and Management course has been strengthened by the various part time jobs that I have been able to secure. I for example worked in a supermarket known as planet as a manager where I was able to put my leadership skills into practice. These have helped me gain an insight into the working of business, and sparked a passion in me to come up with more efficient models of management to ensure the best possible results. Getting a degree in Business Management will therefore equip me with the skills that I require to develop more efficient management systems and develop better ways of doing business. I believe that is very important to get a quality education before one can seek to engage in any professional venture. The value of education has been instilled in me from a tender age, and this leads me to pursue educational excellence at all levels possible. I am particularly interested in learning how to come up with dynamic teams that have the potential to work together to come up with ways to diagnose the business and organization needs, analyzing the changing business environment and the development of the procedures to handle the operation processes of the business. I believe that I have the potential to perform these roles. The educational program will however help me to realize my potential in this area. To be successful in the program, I intend to get a part time job that will give me an opportunity to practically apply the concepts that I have been taught and interact with the different concepts in business. As I person, my character is influenced by an unending desire to improve myself, and a quest for knowledge. My character has also been formed by the need and desire to pursue new ideas through insightful reasoning and a practical application of the theoretical knowledge that I have been able to gain. I believe that this combination of attributes will be an important asset in helping me settle and blend in the

Friday, November 15, 2019

Important Characteristics Of The Wigig Technology Computer Science Essay

Important Characteristics Of The Wigig Technology Computer Science Essay Wireless Gigabit is an up-and-coming technology expected to enable wireless connectivity of up to 7Gbps in data, display and audio applications. The organization sponsoring this technology is the Wireless Gigabit Alliance. Features of Wigig: Some of the important characteristics of the Wigig technology are listed below: Wigig is capable of providing a wireless network which its speed is up to 7Gbps, while the fastest current 802.11n has theoretically the highest speeds up to 600Mbps. WiGig is operated at 60GHz which allows a wider channel and supports super-fast transfer speeds. It can transfer data between 1Gbps to 7Gbps, 60 times more than Wi-Fi. Wigig can be able to support the Tri band devices. WiGig is a multi-gigabit communication technology which is an ideal standard for the use of streaming HD video so it can display full 1080 pixels of the PC to the TV via a wireless network. How does Wigig works: Wigig will primarily be used within a single room to provide wireless connectivity between home entertainment equipment. It will enable very fast data transfers and streaming media which is 10 times faster than the old wireless technologies, in addition to wireless connections for cameras, laptops. Deliverables Technical Issues Current and future expectations of WiGig deployment. Types of challenges or difficulties are there related to WiGig implementations. Kinds of organisations might need these new standards. Security Issues Discuss and analyse the security issues that might arise due to wide deployment of WiGig Alliance. (802.11 security issue and the Galois/Counter Mode of the AES encryption algorithm) Discuss and analyse cross layer security framework in Wireless LAN deployment. Is that framework will improve security in WLAN or not. Technical Issues Current Wigig deployment The industry standard relevant to Wigig is IEEE 802.11ad. Draft 1.0 of the specification was published in Jan 2011. Per the draft standard, signals will occupy the unlicensed 60 GHZ frequency band and all 802.11 ad-compliant devices will provide backward compatibility with 802.11 standard. As a result, tri-band devices will operate at 2.4, 5.0 and 60 GHz. The Wigig specification includes main features to maximize performance, minimize implementation complexity and cost, enable backward compatibility with existing Wi-Fi and provide advanced security. Key features include: Support for data transmission rates up to 7 Gbps. Wigig operates at 60 GHz band that means it has much more spectrum available, the channels are much wider, enabling multi-gigabit data rates. Wigig defines 4 channels, each 2.16 GHz wide which is 50 times wider than the channels available in 802.11n. Seamless switching between 2.4/5/60 GHz bands Based on IEEE 802.11, Wigig provides native Wi-Fi support and enables devices which has tri-band radios to be able to transparently switch between 802.11 network operating in any frequency band including 2.4/5/60 GHz Support for beamforming, a technology which maximize the signal strength and enable robust communication at distances beyond 10 meters. WiGig is integrated a technology, called Beamforming. It allows the radio beam is shot to the right target with the best performance; minimize waste in the process of transmission. Thus, WiGig uses energy more efficient than traditional Wi-Fi connection. Beamforming employs directional antennas to reduce interference and focus the signal between two devices into a concentrated beam. This allows faster data transmission over longer distances. Beamforming is defined within the PHY and MAC layers. During the beamforming process, two devices establish communication and then fine-tune their antenna settings to improve the quality of directional communication until there is enough capacity for the desired data transmission. The devices can quickly establish a new communications pathway using beams that reflect off walls when an obstacle blocks the line of sight between two devices or if someone walks between them. http://genk2.vcmedia.vn/N0WoyYblO3QdmZFKPMtKnadHAHTevz/Image/2012/04/2_6a565.jpg Advanced security using the Galois/Counter Mode of the AES encryption algorithm. AES-GCM is an authenticated encryption algorithm designed to provide both authentication and privacy. Developed by David A McGrew and John Viega, it uses universal hashing over a binary Galois field to provide authenticated encryption. GCM was designed originally as a way of supporting very high data rates, since it can take advantage of pipelining and parallel processing techniques to bypass the normal limits imposed by feedback MAC algorithms. This allows authenticated encryption at data rates of many ten of Gbps, permitting high grade encryption and authentication on system which previously could not be fully protected. Different types of layers take part in the working of the wireless gigabit technology, physical layer (PHY) deals with all the devices of low and high power and maintain the status of communication. Protocol adaption layers (PALs) are being developed to support specific system interfaces including data buses for PC peripherals and display interfaces for HDTVs, monitors and projectors. Supplements and extends the 802.11 Medium Access Control(MAC) layer and is backward compatible with the IEEE 80211 standard Power Management Wigig devices can take advantage of a new scheduled access mode to reduce power consumption. Two devices communicating with each other via a directional link may schedule the periods during which they communicate; in between those periods, they can sleep to save power. 802.11 ad draft standard is compared to other wireless technology http://images-news.easyvn.net/upload/2011/12/08/article/cong-nghe-khong-day-60-ghz-cho-docking-usb-hdmi_3.jpg Wigig in future WGA has announced the launch of a new wireless connection standard, Wigig 1.1 ready for certification. The Wigig 1.1 is added 2 new PALs specifications, the Wigig Display Extension (WDE) and Wigig Serial Extension (WSE) to supplement the previously published Wigig Bus Extension (WBE) and MAC/PHY specifications. Structure of Wigig Wigig is defined in 2 layers based on IEEE 802.11. They are Physical and Medium Access Control layers. These layers enable native support for IP networking over 60Ghz band. They make simpler and less expensive to produce devices that can communicate over both Wigig and existing Wi-Fi using tri-band radios (2.4GHz, 5GHz and 60 GHz). http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2390/5791077356_c2146fb4f0.jpg Physical Layer The physical layer of the 802.11 ad standardized 2 wireless data exchange techniques: Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) Single carrier (SC) The 802.11ad divides the 60GHz band into four 2.16 GHz wide channels. Data rates of up to 7 Gbits/s are possible using OFDM with different modulation schemes. A single channel version for low power operation is available and can deliver a speed up to 4.6 Gbits/s. These wide channels enable WIgig to support applications that require extremely fast communication, such as uncompressed video transmission. The PHY in 802.11ad is split into Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) and the Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sub layers. The PLCP parses data units transmitted/received using various 802.11 media access techniques. The PMD performs the data transmission/reception and modulation/demodulation directly accessing air under the guidance of the PLCP. The 802.11 ad MAC layer to great extend is affected by the nature of the media. For instance, it implements a relatively complex for the second layer fragmentation of PDUs. Medium Access Control (MAC) layer Wigig shares MAC layer with existing 802.11 networks enables session switching between 802.11 networks operating in the 2.4 GHz, 5GHz and 60 GHz bands, resulting in uninterrupted wireless data communications. The 802.11 ad MAC layer has been extended to include beamforming support and address the 60 GHz specific aspects of channel access, synchronization, association and authentication. Protocol Adaption Layer (PALs) PAL is a layer added to network transmissions to help adapt to older standards. It allows wireless implementations of key computer and consumer electronics interfaces over 60GHz Wigig networks. The version 1.0 A/V and I/O protocol adaption layer (PAL) specifications have been developed to support specific system interfaces including extensions for PC peripherals and display interfaces for HDTVs, monitors and projectors. The Wigig Bus Extension (WBE) Define high-performance wireless implementations of widely used computer interfaces over 60GHz. Enable multi-gigabit wireless connectivity between any two devices, such as connection to storage and other high-speed peripherals The Wigig Display Extension (WDE) Support wireless transmission of audio/visual data Enable wireless DisplayPort and other display interfaces that include the High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection 2.0 feature. Offers key A/V applications, such as the transmission of lightly compressed or uncompressed video from a computer or digital camera to an HDTV, monitor or projector. http://img84.imageshack.us/img84/2195/fig2m.jpg Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) The specification supports two types of modulation and coding schemes, which provide different benefits. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) supports communication over longer distances with greater delay spreads, providing more flexibility in handling obstacles and reflected signals. The single carrier, suited to lower applications, achieves a data rate up to 4.6 Gbits/s, while OFDM enables 7 Gbits/s. Usage Models Wigig has a high compatibility and is used for many purposes. Wigig can act as an alternative method which is used for replacing old connectivity standards such as: USB, DisplayPort, PCIe and HDMI. In addition, it is backward compatible with most devices which using 802.11 connectivity in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. The main function of Wigig is to connect home entertainment devices together tablets, smartphones, PC, TV and more. http://images-news.easyvn.net/upload/2011/12/08/article/cong-nghe-khong-day-60-ghz-cho-docking-usb-hdmi_2.jpg Challenges or difficulties are there related to WiGig implementations. The biggest technical challenge is that these networks will operate in much higher frequencies, around 60 GHz. The higher the frequency is, the greater the propagation loss over distance. Another challenge is 60 GHz radio are absorbed by wood, bricks, human body and particularly paint are far more opaque to 60 GHz waves. Thus, Wigig is most suitable for in-room applications. Attenuation of various materials by frequency Besides that, the beamforming of compliant equipment needs to be within line of sight of receiving devices in order to work well. Even a person stepping between two communicating devices can break the signal. With these weaknesses, they will prevent Wigig from being implemented popularly in the future. Moreover, most today devices only support 802.11 a/g/n; it will take time to replace all these devices with new devices which support 802.11ad standard. Kinds of organisations might need these new standards WiGig is a multi-gigabit communication technology which is an ideal standard for the use of streaming HD video so it can display full 1080 pixels of the PC to the TV via a wireless network. In addition, its speed is up to 7 Gbps which is very useful for so many organizations such as: Multimedia organization (newspapers, advertisement, movie) Financial organization (Bank, office, tax) Education organization (TAFE, university) Medical organization (Hospital) IT organization (Intel, Dell, Apple etc.) Government Military Security Issues Due to Wigig is based on IEEE 802.11 standards; it has the same security issues with 802.11 a/b/g/n. Easy to access Wireless LANs are easy to find. To enable clients to find them, networks must transmit Beacon frames with network parameters. The information needed to join a network is also the information needed to launch an attack on a network. Beacon frames a not processed by any privacy functions, which means that your 802.11 network and its parameters are available for anybody with an 802.11 card. Attackers with high-gain antennas can find networks from nearby roads or buildings and may launch attacks without having physical access to your facility. Solution: Enforce Strong Access Control Ensuring that wireless networks are subject to strong access control can mitigate the risk of wireless network deployment. Networks should place access points outside of security perimeter devices such as firewalls, and administrators should consider using VPNs to provide access to the corporate network. Strong user authentication should be deployed, preferably using new products based on the IEEE 802.1x standard. 802.1x defines new frame types for user-based authentication and leverages existing enterprise user databases, such as RADIUS. Rogue Access Points Easy access to wireless LANs is coupled with easy deployment. When combined, these two characteristics can cause headaches for network administrators and security officers. Any user can run to a nearby computer store, purchase an access point, and connect it to the corporate network without authorization. Rogue access deployed by end users poses great security risks. End users are not security experts, and may not be aware of the risks posed by wireless LANs. Many deployments that have been logged and mapped by war drivers do not have any security features enabled, and a significant fraction have no changes from the default configuration. Solution: Regular Site Audits Like any other network technology, wireless networks require vigilance on the part of security administrators. The obvious way to find unauthorized networks is to do the same thing that attackers do: use an antenna and look for them so that you find unauthorized networks before attackers exploit them. Physical site audits should be conducted as frequently as possible. Unauthorized Use of Service Several war drivers have published results indicating that a clear majority of access points are put in service with only minimal modifications to their default configuration. Unauthorized users may not necessarily obey your service providers terms of service, and it may only take one spammer to cause your ISP to revoke your connectivity. Solution: Design and Audit for Strong Authentication The obvious defence against unauthorized use is to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the network. Strong, cryptographically protected authentication is a precondition for authorization because access privileges are based on user identity. VPN solutions deployed to protect traffic in transit across the radio link provide strong authentication. MAC Spoofing and Session Hijacking 802.11 networks do not authenticate frames. Every frame has a source address, but there is no guarantee that the station sending the frame actually put the frame in the air. Just as on traditional Ethernet networks, there is no protection against forgery of frame source addresses. Attackers can use spoofed frames to redirect traffic and corrupt ARP tables. At a much simpler level, attackers can observe the MAC addresses of stations in use on the network and adopt those addresses for malicious transmissions. Attackers can use spoofed frames in active attacks as well. In addition to hijacking sessions, attackers can exploit the lack of authentication of access points. Access points are identified by their broadcasts of Beacon frames. Any station which claims to be an access point and broadcasts the right service set identifier (SSID, also commonly called a network name) will appear to be part of an authorized network. Attackers can, however, easily pretend to be an access point because nothing in 802.11 requires an access point to prove it really is an access point. At that point, the attacker could potentially steal credentials and use them to gain access to the network through a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack. Solution: Adopt Strong Protocols and Use Them Using methods based on Transport Layer Security (TLS), access points will need to prove their identity before clients provide authentication credentials, and credentials are protected by strong cryptography for transmission over the air. Session hijacking can be prevented only by using a strong cryptographic protocol such as IPsec. Using strong VPN protocols which require the use of strong user authentication with 802.1x. Traffic Analysis and Eavesdropping 802.11 provides no protection against attacks which passively observe traffic. The main risk is that 802.11 does not provide a way to secure data in transit against eavesdropping. Frame headers are always in the clear and are visible to anybody with a wireless network analyser. Security against eavesdropping was supposed to be provided by Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). However, it protects only the initial association with the network and user data frames. Management and control frames are not encrypted or authenticated by WEP, leaving an attacker wide latitude to disrupt transmissions with spoofed frames. Solution: Perform Risk Analysis When addressing the threat of eavesdropping, the key decision is to balance the threat of using only WEP against the complexity of deploying a more proven solution. If wireless LAN is being used for sensitive data, WEP may very well be insufficient for your needs. Strong cryptographic solutions like SSH, SSL, and IPsec were designed to transmit data securely over public channels and have proven resistant to attack over many years, and will almost certainly provide a higher level of security. Key Problems with WEP Repeat in key stream which allows easy decryption of data for a moderately sophisticated adversary. Weak implementation of the RC4 algorithm leads to an efficient attack that allows key recovery Subject to brute force attacks (Short Keys) Easily compromised keys (Shared keys/No Key management) Message modification is possible No user authentication occurs Subject to Man in the Middle attacks WPA Benefits Improved Cryptography Strong Network access control Will Support 802.1x, EAP, EAP-TLS, Radius, and Pre-Placed Keys Key Management Replay Protection Provides for data and header integrity Flaws While (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) TKIP (a message integrity check algorithm is to verify the integrity of the packets) Michael significantly improve WEP security, design limitations result in cryptographic weaknesses. Limitations of Michael to retrieve the keystream from short packets to use for re-injection and spoofing. WPA2 Benefits Strong Cryptography Support for Legacy Equipment Strong Network Access Control Will Support 802.1x, EAP, EAP-TLS, Radius, and Pre-Placed Keys Key Management Replay Protection Provides for data and Header Integrity Roaming Support Security issue There is a flaw that was discovered. It is called WPS (wireless protected setup); it is the little initial setup that most new/newer routers come with. The WPS is a button which we need to hit when we want to initially set up connection. That is the security flaw thats used now to crack wpa/wpa2. There is a free program to exploit this flaw (reaver) and it has about a 100% success rate in cracking wpa/wpa2. Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) GCM is a block cipher mode of operation providing both confidentiality and data origin authentication. It was designed by McGrew and Viega. Benefits Support communication speeds of 10 Gbps Provides strong encryption based on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Be able to implement in hardware for performance and efficiency Security Issues GCM provides no message authentication There are some security issues if GCM mode is used incorrectly. GCM is not suited for use with short tag lengths or a very long message. The user should monitor and limit the number of unsuccessful verification attempts for each key. It is strongly recommended to use all 16 bytes for the tag, and generally no less than 8 bytes. The same length of tag must always be used for a given key. The initialization vector (IV) must be unique for each operation for a given key. Security is destroyed for all text encrypted with the same key if the IV is used for different plaintext. Using 12 bytes randomly generated IV is ok and so is a counter that is controlled over so that it can never be repeated. Cross layer security framework in Wireless LAN deployment Cross-layer design appears to be a suitable approach for future contributions in the framework of WLANs able to address emerging issues related to ever-higher performance, energy consumption, mobility. The single layer security is often inefficient and inadequate for provisioning secure data transmission in WLAN. In generally, the security of a network is determined by the security it has over all the layers. Thus, the cross-layer security framework needs to be proposed in WLAN. The security framework may support many components like intrusion detection system, Trust framework and adapted link layer communication protocol. In order to carry out practical cross-layer security framework in WLAN, we need to follow: Component based security: Security measures must be provided to all the components of a protocol stack as well as to the entire network. The developers should focus on securing the entire network. Robust, simple and flexible designs: Security mechanisms should construct a trustworthy system out of untrustworthy components and have the capability to detect and function when need arises. This should also support scalability. Various types of active and passive attacks have been recorded in WLAN A denial of service (DoS) attack: In DoS attack, a malicious node could prevent another node to go back to sleep mode which in turn causes battery depletion. Eavesdropping and invasion: If no sound security measures are taken, invasion becomes fairly an easy task due to wireless communication. An adversary could easily extract useful information from the unattended nodes. Hence, a malicious user could join the network undetected by impersonating as some other legitimate node, to have access to secret data, disrupt the network operations, or trace the activity of any node in the network. Physical node tampering leading to node compromising. Forced battery exhaustion of a node. Radio jamming at the physical layer. There are some types of cross-layer security Cross-layer security design for intrusion detection All approaches pertaining to intrusion detection schemes have been focused on routing and MAC protocols. The existing secure protocols or intrusion detection schemes are normally presented for one protocol layer. So, the effect of these schemes is sandwiched to attacks to a particular layer. They are seldom effective to attacks from different protocol layers; however, security concerns may arise in all protocol layers. It is necessary to have a cross-layer based detection framework that consolidates various schemes in various protocol layers. Cross-layer security design for power efficiency As previously mentioned, energy conservation is one of the primary concerns for sensor networks design, so it should be considered across protocol layers from the beginning stage through subsequent stages of the design to achieve the trade-off between energy consumption, network performance and complexity, and maximize the longevity of the entire network. Our cross-layer approach can achieve this while providing network security provisioning. For instance, the carrier detection is responsible for DoS attacks. A detrimental or malicious node can exploit then interplays in MAC layer to frequently request for channels. This not only prohibits other nodes from connecting with the destination, but also can deplete its battery energy due to frequent responses. To overcome this issue, the information can be collected from other layers and the detrimental node can be recognized and then be limited or isolated. Conclusion After analysing the security risks of WLAN and investigating the advantages of cross-layer security framework, I believe that the cross-layer design is a unique candidate to improve security in WLAN. Summary Wigig or 802.11ad based on the 802.11 standard is a new wireless technology which provides data rates up to 7Gbps over the unlicensed 60 GHz. It will primarily be used within a single room to provide wireless connectivity between home entertainment equipment. It will enable very fast data transfers and streaming media which is 10 times faster than the old wireless technologies. However, Wigig still has some challenges which are the limitation of propagation loss and distance. That is why it can primarily be used within a room or an office. But Wireless Gigabit Alliance claimed that Wigig can be used beyond 10 meters by using beamforming technology in the near future.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Ku Klux Klan :: Ku Klux Klan

In the spring of 1866, A year after the civil war had ended; Six confederate veterans formed a social club in the town of Pulaski, Tennessee. Just out of the war and looking for excitement they formed a secret society which they named the Ku Klux Klan. The name came from the Greek word Kuklos, meaning circle. This small group started as a harmless fun loving group, developed into one of the largest, most violent groups in American History. The original group only lasted a few years, and left a permanent impression, rituals that people today still use. Klan supporters saw the group as a protector of a certain way of life and the white race. The original Klan shut down in 1872. On Thanksgiving Night 1915, The Klan struck again. Sixteen men from Atlanta, Georgia went to the top of the mountain and set up for a Klan ritual. They built an altar of stones, on which they placed on American Flag, a bible and a sword. Then the men erected a sixteen-foot high cross and lit it on fire. William Joseph Simmons was the leader of the new Klan. William, son of an ex Klan member, heard his dad speck of Klan stories and wanted to â€Å"Frighten the Dark people† himself. In the early 1920’s the Klan traveled on a wave of terror in the south and southwest. As the violence spread a pattern appeared. The majority of the Victorian’s were whites who had broken some kind of moral code. Such as Bootleggers, Gamblers, were favorite targets. The Klan would parade the streets at night as a reminder of the constant terror they haunted a southern town with. By taking the law into their own hands the Klan made sure the laws were respected. Hooded Klansmen sometimes took their victims in brood daylight but mostly they piled into cars and went â€Å"nightriding†. Klansmen used whips to punish those victims. Once they finished whipping they would pour hot tar on them and sprinkle feathers on them. This would add insult to injury. I n 1921, the Klan was brought to trial for the murder of a black man who had been a known drunk in his hometown. Simmons, Klan leader, stepped up in front of congress and swore on the holy bible that the Klan â€Å"never had been and never will be involved in violent acts†. In 1922, the Klan used its anti-Catholic appeal to capture control of the Oregon St. Ku Klux Klan :: Ku Klux Klan In the spring of 1866, A year after the civil war had ended; Six confederate veterans formed a social club in the town of Pulaski, Tennessee. Just out of the war and looking for excitement they formed a secret society which they named the Ku Klux Klan. The name came from the Greek word Kuklos, meaning circle. This small group started as a harmless fun loving group, developed into one of the largest, most violent groups in American History. The original group only lasted a few years, and left a permanent impression, rituals that people today still use. Klan supporters saw the group as a protector of a certain way of life and the white race. The original Klan shut down in 1872. On Thanksgiving Night 1915, The Klan struck again. Sixteen men from Atlanta, Georgia went to the top of the mountain and set up for a Klan ritual. They built an altar of stones, on which they placed on American Flag, a bible and a sword. Then the men erected a sixteen-foot high cross and lit it on fire. William Joseph Simmons was the leader of the new Klan. William, son of an ex Klan member, heard his dad speck of Klan stories and wanted to â€Å"Frighten the Dark people† himself. In the early 1920’s the Klan traveled on a wave of terror in the south and southwest. As the violence spread a pattern appeared. The majority of the Victorian’s were whites who had broken some kind of moral code. Such as Bootleggers, Gamblers, were favorite targets. The Klan would parade the streets at night as a reminder of the constant terror they haunted a southern town with. By taking the law into their own hands the Klan made sure the laws were respected. Hooded Klansmen sometimes took their victims in brood daylight but mostly they piled into cars and went â€Å"nightriding†. Klansmen used whips to punish those victims. Once they finished whipping they would pour hot tar on them and sprinkle feathers on them. This would add insult to injury. I n 1921, the Klan was brought to trial for the murder of a black man who had been a known drunk in his hometown. Simmons, Klan leader, stepped up in front of congress and swore on the holy bible that the Klan â€Å"never had been and never will be involved in violent acts†. In 1922, the Klan used its anti-Catholic appeal to capture control of the Oregon St.